Essay on Euthanasia in Australia - 1829 Words

Although euthanasia is a complex and controversial subject, under certain conditions people should have the right to decide to end their own lives. Is euthanasia murder or mercy? We need to understand what Mercy, Murder and Euthanasia are before we can form any opinion. (Oxford dictionary) Mercy / (say mersee) Compassionate or kindly forbearance shown towards: an offender, an enemy, or other person in ones power; compassion, pity, or benevolence. Murder / (say merduh) Unlawful killing of a human being by an act done: with intention to kill or to inflict grievous bodily harm. To kill or slaughter, inhumanly or barbarously. Euthanasia is such a controversial word that it creates many discussions and even arguments. This has gone†¦show more content†¦These are the different terms used for Euthanasia but they are not just black and white, there are many differing shades of gray that fall between these lines. So this leaves the question; is Euthanasia Murder or Mercy? Is it right to be able to chose to end one’s life? So many questions keep coming up. There are many different views on the euthanasia debate and then there is no clear line on where the difference between murder and mercy. Taking a closer look into euthanasia around the world, we find Australia was the one country to lead the cause for legalized euthanasia. The Australian Northern Territory was the first place worldwide to conduct legal Euthanasia. The first case was Mr. Bob Dent, who would be the first man to die under the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995. Mr. Dent died on Sunday September 22, 1996. This Act was short lived and was overturned by the Andrews Bill (Kevin Andrews was a Victorian Liberal backbencher) on March 24th and 25th, 1997. The senate vote was 38 to 33. This was a disappointing setback for the pro euthanasia groups. However recently, on 23rd November 2009 the government still cannot make a firm decision. A bill to legalize voluntary euthanasia in South Australia was defeated in State Parliament. It looked so close to succeeding with votes at 10 all, and only the president to make to final vote. When Mr. David Ridgway, a well knownShow MoreRelated Euthanasia in Australia Essay2597 Words   |  11 Pageswe hear the phrase voluntary euthanasia people generally think of one of two things: the active termination of life at the patients or the Nazi extermination program of murder. Many people have beliefs about whether euthanasia is right or wrong, often without being able to define it clearly. Some people take an extreme view, while many fall somewhere between the two camps. The derivation means gentle and easy death coming from the Greek words, eu - thanatos. Euthanasia was formerly called quot;mercyRead MoreEuthanasi The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1650 Words   |  7 PagesAdelaide students think about legalising voluntary euthanasia in Australia? Introduction The purpose of this research is to seeking and analysing the opinions about legalising voluntary euthanasia within Adelaide students (aged 18-25 years old). With recent changes to legalisation of child euthanasia in Belgium, the controversial issue of euthanasia is currently being re-spotlighted all over the world. Ongoing active discussion on the legalisation of euthanasia mainly debates individual’s choices in endingRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Termination Of Life At A Patients883 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia is the termination of life at a patients request and is performed by a doctor (G. van Tol, Rietjens, van der Heide, 2012, p. 296) and is often confused with physician assisted suicide (PAS), which is where a physician prescribes a lethal dose of medication for the patient to take in their own time (Pereira, 2011, p. e38). The debate surrounding euthanasia is a long and tiresome one with no foreseeable end. Currently, euthanasia is legal in three countries and four US states and PAS isRead MoreEuthanasi Ethical And Legal Issues Within The Australian Context1550 Words   |  7 Pagesis more challenging to reconcile than that of euthanasia. The legalisation of euthanasia continues to be passionately debated. It has been a pertinent issue in human rights discourse as it affects ethical and legal issues pertaining to both the patient and the health care practitioner (Bartels Otlowski, 2010). The following essay will define euthanasia and make the distinction between active, passive, voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Relevant legalRead MoreShould Euthanazia Be Legalized in Australia? Essay614 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia, currently a very controversial topic of discussion throughout Australia. The question is â€Å"should euthanasia be legalised, and if so who is legible to be euthanised?† It is currently illegal in Australia to be euthanised, however 86% of the public agrees that euthanasia should be administered to people who are willing to if they are terminally ill, and a surprising 54% of practitioners agree also. Even though this is the case, why is it still illegal? What are the dangers of euthanasiaRead MoreThe Community in The Giver is Not a Better Alternative to Contemporary Australian Society883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Giver, by Lois Lowry, was published in 1993, and caused worldwide controversy over i ts views on conformity, communism, and euthanasia. It is about a character named Jonas, who lives in a conformist community where there is no colour, emotions, love, weather and most importantly, choice. This community is inferior to the modern day Australian community. The community in The Giver, which is led by a committee of Elders, does not allow for any choice, as in their eyes, choice is a risky, unnecessaryRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?977 Words   |  4 PagesEssay: Euthanasia Euthanasia is acknowledged as the practice of intentionally ending a life which liberates an individual from an incurable illness or unbearable misery. Euthanasia is known as mercy killing, perceived as an easy and painless death. Euthanasia is done from the request of a dying patient or that person’s legal representative. This is known as Voluntary Euthanasia. Not undertaking something to prevent or avoid someone’s death is recognised as passive or negative Euthanasia. When someoneRead MoreEuthanasia On A Personal Level1035 Words   |  5 Pagespeacefully, with dignity and pride? What if you were that terminally ill person? Good morning Mrs Arnold, Miss Shiels and fellow class mates, today I will be debating the topic of euthanasia on a personal level, a national level, and a global level. I sincerely believe that euthanasia should be legalised in Australia for terminally ill patients. 1st Argument†¨On November the 8th, 2015, David Attenborough told ‘the guardian’, â€Å"When you see poor people, poor in the sense of having some wretched diseaseRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia1150 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia should not be legalised in Australia. Good morning 10C and Ms Leoni, Today I am here to talk about the controversial issue of euthanasia. This year, the Greens party has planned to introduce a ‘Rights of the Terminally Ill’ bill into state parliament. This has raised the issue of whether or not euthanasia should be legalised in Australia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending a person’s life in order to release them from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. There are two typesRead MoreEuthanasia Is Not The Active Death Of A Patient1359 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia comes from the Greek words, Eu, meaning good, and thanatosis meaning death. This means ‘Good death,’ ‘Gentle and easy death.’ It is also the word has come to be used for ‘Mercy killing.’ In this sense Euthanasia means the active death of a patient. In today’s society euthanasia has become very controversial on whether or not it is classified as a good action to take for suffering patients of painful and incurable diseases or an irreversible coma. The video I just showed you was an ad

The Development Of A Scientific Theory - 1529 Words

Assignment 1 P1 The development of a scientific theory Date Event 1809 First theory of evolution available Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is a French naturalist, soldier, biologist and academic. He gave out his theory of evolution. His theory was that evolution occurred through the inheritance of developed characteristics, or the use/disuse theory. 1831 A new world Charles Darwin was very young and still a student, joins the journey of the HMS Beagle as a naturalist. 1844 The First Essay Charles Darwin was working for many years, writes an essay on the theory of evolution. Unluckily, this was never published. 1858 Rivalry for Evolution Alfred Russel Wallace issues a paper. The paper had some of the same assumptions as Darwin, including natural selection. Darwin s friends present both Wallace s and Darwin s theories at the Linnean Society. 1859 The Origin of Species Darwin was suffering from sickness both in himself and his family, completes his book The Origin of Species and issues it. It becomes very popular. 1865 Heredity experimentation Mendel s works with pea plants is given out, setting the background for the basis of natural selection. 1892 Importance of DNA in heredity August Weismann gives out answers detailing how important DNA is to heredity. Along with the germ cell theory. The theory that legacy only takes place by means of germ cells. For example: egg and sperm. Those other cells do not pass on their genes. 1903 Chromosomes and heredity WalterShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Scientific Theory On The Development Of The World871 Words   |  4 Pages Question One: Theory Part One Research is important in our society since it contributes to the development of the world we live in through the application of theory. Research allows us to investigate, experiment, develop, support and explore previous facts and work of new and existing theories. The research and the investigation of topics should be significant, relevant, and of interest to those working and studying in the field. A systematic approach using a research method that provides accurateRead MoreEvaluating Kuhn ´s Theory of Scientific Development Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The scientific revolution started in the 16th and 17th century with development of the scientific theories (Hatch, n.d.). These Scientific theories are detailed explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on knowledge that has been repeatedly duplicated through observation and experimental procedures. The understanding or the attempt to understand the human’s perspective of the world through scientific theories is the birth to the philosophy of science (Okasha, 2002). SeveralRead MoreTheories And Theories Of The Calms Made By Alan Chalmers907 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing his inductive views of the scientific method stating that â€Å"Scientific knowledge is proven knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"†¦Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge.† I will also be discussing Karl Popper’s opposing views on the scientific method, siding with his falsification method. I think that even though both sides are rational, Alan Chalmers clams are more practical and better for humans to continue to investigate new theories and laws of the universe. ThereforeRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Development Of Civilization1407 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology in the development of civilization. The purpose of science is to develop a vast breadth and depth of data and knowledge to enable us to understand why things are the way they are (Oberdan 26). On the other hand, technology is used to improve real problems based on justified beliefs and organizational systems (Oberdan 28). Without the knowledge and understanding of science, innovation would be lessened and society would not develop as rapidly or thoroughly. Scientific theories and discoveriesRead MoreDavid Hume s Theory Of The Principle Of Cause And Effect909 Words   |  4 Pagesaspect of the scientific method, namely developing theories, then perhaps it would not be necessary to regard its principles with such a high level of skept icism. Unlike religion, which Hume as issues with as well, science is not an ideology. Rather, science is a process of finding the best possible representations of facts in nature. Along those same lines, science is not stagnant. Testing a hypothesis may lead to the development of a theory, but testing does not stop simply because a theory exists. FurthermoreRead MoreAbnormal Psychology1154 Words   |  5 Pages Abnormal Psychology: The field of abnormal psychology is a scientific discipline that focuses on examining the causes of mental dysfunction or abnormal behavior. Some of the major areas of study in this field include emotional disturbance, psychopathology, mental illness, and maladjustment. This scientific discipline examines abnormal behavior since such actions are expressed due to psychological dysfunction that contains some features of deviance, potential injury, and distress. As various typesRead MoreScientific Management (850 Words)1208 Words   |  5 PagesIt could be said that Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s scientific management theory is still significantly relevant to management practices the 21st century. By analysing both critics and advocates of Taylor’s theory, we are able to gain a comprehensive insight into Taylor’s contribution to the improved productivity, higher efficiency and greater consistency in the current business world. In conjunction with this, suggestions have been made that scientific management exercises poor working conditions, dehumanizingRead MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific Revolution1064 Words   |  5 Pages The Scientific Revolution was a period when new scientific ideas where introduced into society. The Scientific Revolution laid down a foundation in which modern science is heavily based on. An influential figure of the Scientific Revolution is Sir Isaac Newton. He made many advancements in the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affectedRead MoreThe Structure Of Scientific Revolution1490 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Kuhn s seminal book The Structure of Scientific Revolution was first published in 1962 and in just a little more than half century its influence on science and impact on other fields has been anything but influential. The Structure has even alleviated right up there with the usual suspect, namely the Bible and Freud.† Essentially the Structure purpose is to reconstruct the image of science and its development and to deconstruct the received view, which paints the picture of science as stockpilingRead MoreManagement School of Thought1542 Words   |  7 Pagesthe period during which they were popular. Herold Koontz was the first who have attempted to classify the various approaches on the management in the schools of management theory. Based on the writings of some of the scholars and Koontz, the management thoughts, have been classified in the following schools of management theory. a) Management Process School: This school developed in France. Henri Fayol, a Frenchman is considered as the father of this school. Sometimes this school is referred to as

On ‘Mending Wall’ by Robert Frost Free Essays

From the very title of this poem Robert Frost implies his intention of presenting an everlasting barricade in human relationship, symbolized by the image of a wall. Close analysis reveals a work that functions on many levels. On the surface, ‘Mending Wall’ pictures a scene in which the narrator and his neighbor cooperate with one another to mend a cracked wall and then begin a reasoning dispute over the significance/insignificance of having a wall between them. We will write a custom essay sample on On ‘Mending Wall’ by Robert Frost or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, as the poem develops, more underlying conflicts are unfolded which cast a different light on the scene before the readers. Frost takes on these issues to explore some of the more complex aspects of human relationship in modern days. The poem opens with a comment of the puzzled narrator about an unknown force that ‘sends the frozen-ground-swell under it/And spills the upper boulders in the sun’, producing measurable gaps in the wall. By the use of an unlikely compound noun: ‘frozen-ground-swell’, instead of a proper word, such as ‘ice’ or ‘icicle’, and the failure to relate the cracks as consequences of the former phenomenon the comment is likely to be the voice of a youth as well as a remark to the natural wonder. Then the depiction of gaps caused by hunters disrupts the scene and brings in a preliminary conflict within the narrator’s mind; that is, ironically, the narrator approves only of natural cracks in a wall not the man-made ones. He reasons that man-made gaps are forceful, destructive and merely for a personal purpose: ‘To please the yelping dogs’. On the contrary, with the pausing effect of a Caesura as well as end stops and the use of words with long vowel sounds in a line followed closely by short vowel sounds in another: ‘To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean, [short vowel sounds; No one has seen them made or heard them made, long vowel sounds] But at spring mending-time we find them there,’ the narrator expresses his wonder and admiration to a naturally-cracked wall. This preference foreshadows the narrator’s calm but cold reaction on mending a wall at the end of the poem. In line 11, ‘But at spring mending-time we find them there’, along with the rebirth of spring emerge gaps in a wall, coordinated reparation as well as a remarkable irony in ‘mending wall’, all of which prepare the ground for the central conflict of modern human relationship. Acknowledged of the mending time the narrator and his neighbor gather together in order to fulfill gaps in a wall. At this stage, the two characters are unified as the first person plural ‘we’, signifying the sense of unity and cooperation. This is indeed an irony; the narrator and his neighbor become cooperative in order to be separate: ‘[†¦] we meet [†¦] and set the wall between us once again’. In addition, the description of the reparation is ornamented with quick, joyful but thoughtless rhythm, following from repetitive use of enjambment and childlike metaphor: ‘Some [stones] are loaves and [†¦] balls’. Such playful words and rhythm characterize many childlike aspects of the narrator. He is initiative and enthusiastic: ‘I let my neighbor know beyond the hill’; he is imaginative in a childlike way: ‘Some are loaves and some so nearly balls/We have to use a spell to make them balance’. In fact, repairing a wall is a tough work: ‘To each the boulders that have fallen to each. [unstressed ending] †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ We have to use a spell to make them balance: [unstressed ending] â€Å"Stay where you are until our backs are turned!† We wear our fingers rough with handling them. Oh, just another kind of outdoor game’, hinted by such examples as the effect of interrupting uneasiness from continuous unstressed ending and some words, including ‘have to’, ‘spell’, and ‘rough’, that connote hardship. While mending the wall, the narrator is, however, overwhelmed thoughtlessly with joyful physical recreation and sense of collaboration with his neighbor. Even though he has remarked somewhere that the wall is set up again, the narrator seems ironically ignorant to the fact that ‘mending wall’ will later disunify his sense of ‘we’, the togetherness between himself and his neighbor. Once he realizes it an argument will be unavoidable. At a particular point, ‘One on a side’ , Frost allows his narrator a pause for reasoning thoughts by applying a long-vowel sound followed immediately by a Caesura. The pause as well as the subsequent statement: ‘It comes to little more’, reports a wondering tone and suggests in some way that the narration is developing his intellectual maturity. He begins his first argument against the significance of ‘mending wall’, saying innocently ‘My apple trees will never get across/And eat the cones under his pines’. He fails to argue his neighbor’s murmur: â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors†, though. Further on the main conflict of a revolutionary mind versus a conservative one has fully developed, illustrating Frost’s concerned awareness of mental gaps in modern relationship. The unified ‘we’ has been split perpetually into two independent units: ‘I’ the revolutionary and ‘He’ t he conservative. No longer a pleasant wonder, the ‘spring mending-time’ has now become mischievous to the revolutionary mind. The narrator who once eagerly informed his neighbor of the mending-wall time would now prefer a world without borders and a neighborhood without ‘fences’. The narrator, having passed the verge of maturity, bursts out a train of spicy, reasonable arguments made firm and effective by the use of rhetorical questions and enjambment: â€Å"Why do they make good neighbors? Isn’t it Where there are cows? But here there are no cows Before I built a wall I’d ask to know What I was walling in or walling out, And to whom I was like to give offense.† He views a ‘wall’ no longer as a springtime recreation nor a symbol of neighborliness and collaboration. It is a sign of ‘offense’, and he ‘wants it down’. Nonetheless, the narrator only ‘puts a notion [about the uselessness of a wall] in his [neighbor’s] head’ and refuses the use of force, even though he realizes that verbal encouragement may not work. The reason lies in his earlier detestation about the ‘work of hunters’. That is, the narrator regards himself as ‘apple orchard’, polychromatic, fruitful trees of knowledge that make man civilized. Consequently, he would not degrade himself into the level of ‘yelping dogs’ just to ‘have the rabbit(an intended metaphor for his neighbor) out of hiding’. He would rather have nature –as he could say â€Å"elves†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ take its course in destroying the wall. The central conflict does not come as an overt interaction, and the narrator’s treatment towards his neighbor is courteous in a sense. But, it is not on the whole, for his remarks about the neighbor are somewhat cold and contemptuous. The narrator likens his neighbor who dare not ‘go behind his father’s saying’ to a gloomy, prickling pine tree with its inedible ‘cones’. Then an image of an ‘armed old-stone savage’ is deployed to humiliate his incorrigible neighbor. Frost may be pointing out how a modern, revolutionary youth views conservatism in general, which is suggested as a step backward, a retreat into ‘darkness’. However, seeds of satire are also disseminated in the delineation of the rebelling narrator. The Fruit of Knowledge, which is compared to the revolutionary mind, is not only the cause of human intelligence but also that of human banishment from the Garden of Eden. Considering himself as civilized and assuming allegedly that his belief is unarguably correct, the narrator of the ‘Mending Wall’ is somehow driven by pride when he ridicules his neighbor as a prehistoric savage. Moreover, such premises as the eating of ‘cones’, the wandering of ‘cows’ and the uselessness of a ‘wall’ have their implication of materialism (Note that they are all materials and involve the gain/loss of benefits). Frost may intend to insert these defaults to make his subversive narrator less reliable and leave space for individual readers to judge according to their own favour. When finishing ‘Mending Wall’ it is possible to assert that the poem is a microcosm of our changing world in which ones are gradually separated from the others as a result of ones’ own bias, causing interminable gaps in human relationship. Portrayed in ‘Mending Wall’ are the narrator, the revolutionary mind, who assumes arrogantly his superiority to others and his neighbor, the conservative mind, who possesses indestructible sense of stubbornness. Frost has implied that the roots of all trouble indeed lie within these two egocentric characters. The wall itself stands as an ironic symbol of integration or reconciliation and does not account for the disintegration between the narrator and his neighbor. How to cite On ‘Mending Wall’ by Robert Frost, Papers

Estimation of Demand for Supplementary Reading Material Among Students in Pune free essay sample

Estimation of Demand for Supplementary Reading Material among students in Pune Prepared For: Mr. S. V. Godbole Pune March 2007 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To estimate the demand for supplementary reading material for students (Medical and MBA) in Pune. Time for the project i) Total time: July 2006 to February 2007 ii) Fieldwork time: 25 days (January 2007) Objective 1) To estimate the demand for supplementary reading material for the next one year among the students (Medical and MBA) in Pune city. 2) To find reasons for borrowing/sharing supplementary reading material. 3) To find areas of interest in readership. Operational Definitions ? Estimation of Demand: done by intention to buyer’s survey in the next one year. ? Supplementary Reading Material (SRM): is an addition to the curriculum. These include periodicals and journals in English both in print and digital format. ? Student: MBBS and MBA students. ? Borrowing: from the library and peers, seniors, etc. There is no money spent on the individual units. ? Sharing: among friends, where the person pays a part of the amount spent on purchasing the units. ? Areas of interest: The subject different from the specialization of the respondent. This subject should be in tandem with the definition of SRM. Exploratory Study The exploratory research was conducted using two methods: Case Study The case study was prepared by Book Marketing Limited (London) for Publishers Association in 2003. The research objective of the case study was to conduct a study of information sources and book buying behavior of students. The objective of studying the case study was to gain an insight on the sample size and characteristics, the research methodology selected and the theories implemented during the research. Focus Group Interview Number of focus group interviews: 1 The objective was to help in determining the sampling design and the locations for conducting the interviews. Research Design Questionnaire Design: Structured, undisguised Survey Method: Respondents were contacted in college premises. Sampling Design: Quota sampling The sample consisted of 138 respondents of which 48 were MBBS students and 90 were MBA students. Respondents are MBBS students (private and government colleges) and MBA students (first and second year). Findings MBBS Students Sample size: 48 No significant statistical difference in the intended demand to purchase SRM in the next one year between MBBS students of private and non-private colleges is observed. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 1(3)] The total intended demand lies in Rs. 0 to Rs. 729 with 95% confidence. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 1(3)]. There are 42% respondents who do not purchase SRM and claim cost effectiveness as the main reason for borrowing/sharing SRM. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 1. 8]. There is no clear preference for any particular area of interest though Technological Advancements and Equipments lead with 25%. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 9]. MBA Students Sample size: 90 Significant statistical difference in the intended demand of SRM in the next one year between MBA students of the first year and the second year is observed. [Ref Table 2. 2. 2. 1(3)] The total intended demand on SRM lies in the range Rs 0 to Rs 401. [Ref Table 2. 2. 2. 1(3)] There are 76% respondents who claim that cost effectiveness is the main reason for not purchasing. The next in order of importance are low frequency of reading and unavailability. One respondent may have recorded more than one reason. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 2. 8] There is no clear area of preference for readership of SRM though Marketing and Finance lead the choice of preference. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 2. 9] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my special gratitude to Mr. S. V. Godbole, Professor of Applied Marketing Research, for his guidance and valuable insights. His in depth knowledge and teaching helped develop the right approach towards the subject. I am also thankful to the Director and faculty of the Symbiosis Institute of International Business for giving me an opportunity to estimate the demand for SRM among the MBBS and MBA students in Pune city. This presentation could not have been possible without the support of my batch mates. I am thankful to them for their cooperation. Date: 06/04/2007Aakanksha Gupta TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION7 1. 1Background7 1. 2Introduction7 1. 3 Objectives8 1. 4Operational Definitions and Scope8 1. 5 Research Design9 CHAPTER II FINDINGS15 2. 1 Findings from secondary data15 2. 2 Findings from Survey16 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 Background The supplementary reading material market in India today is in a growth phase, with literacy levels and per capita incomes consistently increasing over the last ten years. A large part of SRM’s target audience comprises students, especially post graduate students. The results from the research conducted will help the manager in the following ways: 1. Pune has a large student population and the results of the research conducted here will help the manager ascertain his target market. 2. It will give the manager an idea about the sources from which students obtain SRMs. This will aid in distribution channel decisions. 3. The areas of interest will help the manager ascertain the content of the SRMs that he releases. 4. Most importantly, the current and intended demand, in terms of average expenditure on SRMs per year will aid the manager decide the size of the market for his product. 5. Pune is also a representative market that can be used as a benchmark for deciding marketing strategies in other markets. 2 Introduction The project has been undertaken as a part of academic curriculum under the subject Applied Marketing Research. The project has been completed under the guidance of Mr. S. V. Godbole, an M. B. A. from Punjab University and with wide experience in industry in the field of Marketing Research. He is presently a Marketing Consultant and is involved with teaching the subject to students of MBA course. He is a visiting faculty at SIIB. 1. 3 Objectives ? To estimate the demand for supplementary reading material for the next one year among the post-graduate students (Medical and MBA) in Pune city. ? To find reasons for borrowing/sharing the supplementary reading material. ? To find areas of interest for the readership. 4 Operational Definitions and Scope Operational Definitions ? Estimation of Demand: To form an approximate opinion of amount in INR for the desire for a particular commodity. The desire should be supported by purchasing power. Only the situation where the student is directly purchasing the reading material is considered. ? Supplementary Reading Material (SRM): Reading material that is an addition to the curriculum. The research considers periodicals and journals (print and CD format) in English that are used by the students as a source of extra information. ? Student: A person engaged in a higher course of study after completion of basic high school education (in case of M. B. B. S. ) and after completion of a basic graduation degree (in case of M. B. A. ). Pune City: Refers to the Pune Municipal District and PCMC. ? Borrowing: From the library and others like peers, seniors, etc. There is no money spent on the individual units. ? Sharing: Among friends, where the person pays a part of the amount spent on purchasing the units. ? Purchasing: Includes only the SRM that is bought by an individual for personal use. The individual, in this case, pays the entir e price of the unit. ? Areas of interest: The subject different from the specialization of the respondent. This subject should be in tandem with the definition of SRM. Scope ? Geographic scope: Pune city Time scope: 1 year ? Target respondents: M. B. B. S. students and postgraduate students of Business Administration Full-time students Based within the specified geographic area ? Product scope: Periodicals and journals in English language 1. 5 Research Design [P1. 5. 1] The research was conducted in a structured, undisguised manner. [SP1. 5. 1. 1] The methodology undertaken was survey technique, with mall interviews. [P1. 5. 2] Exploratory Design [SP1. 5. 2. 1] Theories The following theories were studied before undertaking the research: 1) Buyer’s Intention Theory ) Chain Ratio Method of Demand Estimation 1) Survey of buyers’ intention A buyers’ intention survey indicates what buyers are likely to do under a given set of conditions. 2) Chain-ratio method of dem and estimation The theory uses the total market potential as the basis of forming the chain ratio. The total market potential is the maximum amount of sales that might be available to all the firms in an industry during a given period. The formula used is: Q= n x q x p Where; 1) Q = total market demand 2) n = number of buyers in the market ) q = quantity purchased by an average buyer per year 4) p = average price of a unit According to Kotler and Keller, the chain-ratio method involves multiplying the base number by several adjusting percentages. [SP1. 5. 2. 2] Case Study The case study was prepared by Book Marketing Limited (London) for Publishers Association in 2003. The research objective was to conduct a study of information sources and book buying behaviors of students. The objective was to investigate the following; 1. Information sources with reference to books owned, books borrowed and the internet 2. Book purchasing behavior with reference to new, second hand and recommended books. The investigation is done in terms of; a. Number of units purchased b. Value of units purchased 3. Use of Library 4. Access to Internet 5. Sources of books The case study comprised a single quantitative stage of research. It involved a target of 750 interviews across a representative sample of undergraduate students. Students were interviewed at a variety of universities. The interviews were conducted using two methods; by face-to-face interviews or by self-complete questionnaires. The salient features of the research were that it studied the: 1. Student finances 2. Information sources used a. Overall Usage levels b. Alternatives used c. Internet usage d. Ease of access to the internet 3. Usage of University Library in terms of frequency 4. Book Buying behavior in terms of: a. Overall incidence of purchase b. Numbers of books bought c. Values of purchases d. Reasons for non-purchase e. Extent of choice of recommended books f. Value for money g. Extent of use of individual books 5. Sources of books a. Sources used at all b. Extent of buying from different sources c. Online purchases The findings and implications of the above research were as follows: 1. Student market for books has remained very stable, despite the changes in course structure 2. Usage of electronic media/ the Internet in the future will go up gradually with removal of technological barriers. In the general consumer market for books, online bookstores have a struggle to take a major share of the market, as they are not perceived as offering significant price advantages. Also students cannot view them in advance SP1. 5. 2. 3] Focus Group A focus group interview was conducted on the first year students of MBA. The objective was to gain an insight into the sampling technique and locations for conducting the interviews. The questions assigned were: i) What sampling technique should be used – probabilistic or non probabilistic? ii) If probabilistic technique is selected then should it be stratified or non-stratified sampling? And if st ratified then how the strata should be defined? iii) What locations should be preferred while undertaking mall intercept interviews? [P1. 5. ] Data Collection Design The method used for data collection was survey method and personal interviews were conducted. The reason for conducting personal interviews was that probing and prompting was required while administering the questionnaire which was not possible in any other technique. The questions required memory aids as they were related to future intentions and past purchases. The interviews were mall intercept interviews, the advantage being that it is more efficient and appropriate when the respondents are on related places (libraries or college campus). Another alternative was to use telephone survey. It was rejected because the retention in an interview declines in a multiple choice questionnaire over a telephonic conversation. Mail interviewing was another option. It was rejected because of the low response rate. E-mail interviewing was also rejected on the premise that the response rate is low and validity of data may be compromised. [P1. 5. 4] Sampling Design The sampling universe comprises graduate students of Medicine and post graduate students of Business Administration in Pune city. The research follows quota sampling. The sample consists of 138 respondents of which 48 are MBBS students and 90 are MBA students. The findings cannot be generalized to the entire universe because the buyers’ intention theory was studied but not implemented in entirety. Hence reliability was not maintained. [P1. 5. 5] Fieldwork Design A meeting was arranged to instruct investigators about administering the questionnaire. Separate instruction sheets were provided to each investigator to facilitate the interviews. Prompt cards were provided to help the respondents in clarification of terms. The duration of the training was 5 hours. Respondent Error ? Inability Error Some respondents were unable to answer the intention questions as they were not sure about their specialization subjects in future. The error was minimized by providing prompts and assuring the respondents that the intention need not be final and binding. ? Unwillingness Error Some respondents were unwilling as they had classes and examinations the following day. The error was minimized by assuring the respondents that the interview would be simple and less time consuming. Investigator/Researcher oriented Error ? Recording Error Some investigators recorded the amount and units without converting the values for a 12 month period. The error has been minimized by rechecking with the particular investigator because investigator codes were provided and data could be confirmed. [P1. 5. 6] Analytical Design The data for respondents (MBBS students) has been tested using t-test. The data for respondents (MBA students) has been tested using z-test. [P1. 6] Limitations The research cannot be generalized to the entire universe because several theories like the buyers’ intention theory, the chain ratio theory were studied but not implemented in entirety. Hence reliability was not maintained. [P1. 7] Format of the report Chapter II FINDINGS : It comprises the findings and the analysis on data of Medicine and MBA students. It gives the estimation of demand among the Medicine and MBA students CHAPTER II FINDINGS 2. 1 Findings from secondary data [SP2. 1. 1]Theories The chain ratio method and buyer intention survey method were studied to obtain insights and understanding on the research design. The chain-ratio method involves multiplying the base number by several adjusting percentages. Using this method the following formula applied to the research: D= p x e Where; D = Demand for Periodicals and Journals p = Population e = Average Expenditure/Month Respondents were asked to give the estimated expenditure on SRM for the last three months. The total amount spent on purchases of SRM in the last one year was calculated by extrapolating this data to one year (multiplying by 4). The figure obtained has to be verified with the respondent and then recorded. Buyer’s intention theory facilitated the identification of alternative course of action. The research provides a gratis of reasons for opting for borrowing/sharing and areas of interest for the respondents. SP2. 1. 2] Case Study The case study was used to gain insight for developing an approach to the problem and define the objective more precisely. Demand is estimated in Rupees. It helped in formulating the sample design. The decision for locations for interview was also facilitated by the case study. [SP2. 1. 3] Focus Group The focus group helped to determine the sampling de sign and the locations for conducting the interviews. The sampling technique used was non probabilistic quota sampling. The proposed sample was 150 respondents in the ratio 1:2 for Medical and MBA respectively. The MBBS students consist of both private and non-private colleges and MBA students are classified according to year of study. The focus group specified locations to conduct the mall intercept interviews. The interviews were conducted in college libraries, canteens, cafes or any other location on campus where the students gathered. [SP2. 1. 4] Pre Test For the purpose of improving the questionnaire, a pre-test was conducted to test the questionnaire on a small sample of respondents. A sample of 9 respondents was taken, out of which 4 respondents were from MBBS and 5 from MBA. There were no problems identified during pretesting. All questions were understood by the respondents correctly and data was collected according to the requirements. 2. 2 Findings from Survey [P2. 2. 1] MBBS Students [SP2. 2. 1. 1] Sample Profile [P1]Acquaintance of readers with respondents The respondents belong to two separate samples as in the table, both of which are independent of each other i. e. the attributes of one sample have no bearing on those of another. The sample comprises 48 medical students of private and non-private (government) colleges of Pune. Out of these 26 students are from non-private college and 22 from private college. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. (1)] [T1] Table 2. 2. 1. 1 (1) Sample Profile of MBBS Students | |Type of College |Grand Total | | |Non-private |Private | | |Total |26 |22 |48 | [P2] Readership Pattern of SRM The inference derived is that 11 respondents or 23 percent read SRM and 37 respondents or 77 percent do not read SRMs. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 (2)] [F1] Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 (2) Readership Pattern of SR M n=48 [P3] Average of Total Intended Demand The intended demand (Rs. ) for purchase of SRM for next one year by MBBS students of private and non-private colleges is not statistically significant. t-test is applied as the sample size for each classification is less than 30 and the two samples are independent. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 1(3)] For further analysis the two samples are merged and medical students are considered as one single sample. The details of hypothesis formulation and the calculation have been attached in Annexure C. The average total intended demand ranges between Rs. 0 and Rs. 729 with 95% confidence. [T2] Table 2. 2. 1. (3) Average of Total Intended Demand n=48 | |Average Demand |Range | |Total Intended Demand of Purchases (Rs. ) |502 | | | | |0-729 | [SP2. 2. 1. 2] Estimation of Overall Average Demand of SRM (Current Intended) The total average demand (Rs. ) of MBBS students for purchase of SRM for the current year is Rs. 325 and that intended for the next one year is Rs. 502. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 2] [T3] Ta ble 2. . 1. 2 Estimation of Overall Average Demand of SRM (Current Intended) n=48 |Nature of Demand |Average Demand (Rs. ) | |Current Year |X1 = 325 | |Next One Year |X2 = 502 | [SP2. 2. 1. 3] Current Demand of Print SRM The overall average current demand of MBBS students for print SRM is Rs. 75, within the range of Rs. 8 to Rs. 142. The average current demand for subscription in print media for SRM is Rs. 31, within the range of Rs. 0 to Rs. 78. The average current demand for off the shelf purchase in print media for SRM is Rs. 44, within the range of Rs. 2 to Rs. 86. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 3] [T4] Table 2. 2. 1. 3 Current Demand of Print SRM n=11 | |Average Demand (Rs. ) |Range (Rs. ) | | Print Overall |75 |8 -142 | |Print Subscription |31 |0-78 | |Print OTS |44 |2-86 | [SP2. 2. 1. 4] Current Demand of CD format SRM The overall average current demand of MBBS students for CD format SRM is Rs. 250, within the range of Rs. 0 to Rs. 633. There is no current demand for subscription in CD format for SRM. The average current demand for off the shelf purchase in CD format for SRM is Rs. 250, within the range of Rs. 0 to Rs. 633. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 4] [T5] Table 2. 2. 1. 4 Current Demand of CD format SRM n=11 | |Average Demand (Rs. ) |Range (Rs. ) | |CD Overall |250 |0-633 | |CD Subscription |0 0 | |CD OTS |250 |0-633 | [SP2. 2. 1. 5] Estimation of intended demand for print The overall average intended demand of MBBS students for print SRM is Rs. 231, within the range of Rs. 102 to Rs. 361. The average intended demand for subscription in print media for SRM is Rs. 164, within the range of Rs. 43 to Rs. 284. The average intended demand for off the shelf purchase in print media for SRM is Rs. 68, within the range of Rs. 3 to Rs. 132. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 5] [T6] Table 2. 2. 1. 5 Intended Demand of Print SRM n=11 |Average Demand (Rs. ) |Range (Rs. ) | |Print Overall |231 |102 -361 | |Print Subscription |164 |43-284 | |Print OTS |68 |3-132 | [SP2. 2. 1. 6] Estimation of intended demand for CD format The overall average intended demand of MBBS students for CD format SRM is Rs. 271, within the range of Rs. 0 to Rs. 695. There is no average intended demand for subscription in CD format for SRM. The average intended demand for off the shelf purchase in CD format for SRM is Rs. 271, within the range of Rs. 0 to Rs. 695. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. 6] [T7] Table 2. 2. 1. 6 Intended Demand of CD format SRM n=11 | |Average Demand (Rs. ) |Range (Rs. ) | |CD Overall |271 |0-695 | |CD Subscription |0 |0 | |CD OTS |271 |0-695 | [SP2. 2. 1. ] Estimation of sources of accessing SRM The inference derived is that out of 11 respondents who read SRM 6 both purchase and borrow/share SRM. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 1. 7] [F2] Figure 2. 2. 1. 7 Estimation of sources of accessing SRM n=11 [SP2. 2. 1. 8] Estimation of reasons for borrowing/sharing SRM and not purchasing The inference derived is that out of 10 respondents who borrow/share and/or purchase SRM, 42% claim that cost effectiveness is the main reason for not purchasing. The next in order of importance are low frequency of reading and unavailability. One respondent may have recorded more than one reason. Ref. Figure 2. 2. 1. 8] [F3] Figure 2. 2. 1. 8 Estimation of reasons for borrowing/sharing SRM and not purchasing n=10 [SP2. 2. 1. 9] Estimation of Areas of Interest There is no clear area of preference for readership of SRM though Technological Advancements and Equipments lead the choice of preference. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 1. 9] [F4] Figure 2. 2. 1. 9 Estimation of Areas of Interest n=48 [pic] [P2. 2. 2] MBA Students [SP2. 2. 2. 1] Sample Profile [P1]Acquaintance of readers with respondents The respondents belong to two separate samples as in the table, both of which are independent of each other i. . the attributes of one sample have no bearing on those of another. The sample comprises 90 management students of colleges of Pune. Out of these 54 students are from first year and 36 from second year. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 2. 1(1)] [T8] Table 2. 2. 2. 1 (1) Sample Profile of MBA Students | |Year of Study |Grand Total | | |First Year |Second Year | | |Total |54 |36 |90 | P2] Readership pattern of SRM The inference derived is that 87 re spondents read SRM. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 2. 1 (2)] [F5] Figure 2. 2. 2. 1 (2) Readership pattern of SRM n=90 [pic]` [P3] Intended demand (Rs. ) of SRM for next one year by students of first and second year. The intended demand (Rs. ) for purchase of SRM for next one year by MBA students of first and second years is statistically significant. A z-test is applied as the sample size for each classification is greater than 30 and the two samples are independent. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 1. (3)] For further analysis the two samples are considered separately. The details of hypothesis formulation and the calculation have been attached in Annexure D. The average total intended demand ranges between Rs. 64 and Rs. 258 for the first year MBA students with 95% confidence. The average total intended demand ranges between Rs. 27 and Rs. 167 for the second year MBA students with 95% confidence. [T9] Table 2. 2. 2. 1 (3) Intended demand of SRM for next one year by students of first year and second year = 90 |Year of study |First Year |Second Year | |Average of Total Intended Demand of Purchases (Rs) |X1 = 374 | | | | |X2 = 1116 | |Range |64-258 |27-167 | |Number of Respondents |n1 = 54 |n2 = 36 | SP2. 2. 2. 2] Estimation of Overall Average Demand of SRM (Current Intended) The total average demand (Rs. ) of MBA students for SRM for the current year is Rs. 161 for the first year students and Rs. 97 for the second year students. Intended for the next one year is Rs. 170 for the first year students and Rs. 713 for the second year students. [Ref. Table 2. 2. 2. 2)] [T10] Table 2. 2. 2. 2 Estimation of Overall Average Demand of SRM (Current Intended) n=90 |Â   |Average Demand (Rs. | | |First Year |Second Year | |Current Period |161 |97 | |In the next one Year |170 |713 | [SP2. 2. 2. 3] Current Demand of Print SRM The overall average current demand of MBA first year students for print SRM is Rs. 344, within the range of Rs. 219 to Rs. 470. The average current demand for subscription in print media for SRM is Rs. 164, within the range of Rs. 64 to Rs. 263 in this group. The average current demand for off-the-shelf purchase in print media for SRM is Rs. 81, within the range of Rs. 30 to Rs. 240 (95 percent confidence used for all estimations). The overall average current demand of MBA second year students for print SRM is Rs. 586, within the range of Rs. 380 to Rs. 792. The average current demand for subscription in print media for SRM is Rs. 109, within the range of Rs. 34 to Rs. 184 in this group. The average current demand for off-the-shelf purchase in print media for SRM is Rs. 483, within the range of Rs. 85 to Rs. 653 (95 percent confidence used for all estimations). [Ref. Table 2. 2. 2. 3] [T11] Table 2. 2. 2. 3 Current Demand of Print SRM =87 |Â   |Average Demand (Rs. ) |Range (Rs. ) | | |First Year |Second Year |First Year |Second Year | | Print Overall |344 |586 |219 470 |380-792 | |Print Subscription |164 |109 |64 263 |34 – 184 | |Print OTS | 181 |483 |30 240 |85 – 653 | SP2. 2. 2. 4] Current Demand of CD format SRM The research shows that there is no current demand for CD format SRMs among the MBA students in Pune. [SP2. 2. 2. 5] Estimation of intended demand for print The overall average intended demand of MBA first year students for print SRM is Rs. 285, within the range of Rs. 200 to Rs. 370. The average intended demand for subscription in print media for SRM is Rs. 161, within the range of Rs. 105 to Rs. 218 in this group. The average intended demand for off-the-shelf purchase in print media for SRM is Rs. 126, within the range of Rs. 9 to Rs. 173 (95 percent confidence used for all estimations). The overall average intended demand of MBA second year students for print SRM is Rs. 1181, within the range of Rs. 683 to Rs. 1680. The average current demand for subscription in print media for SRM is Rs. 755, within the range of Rs. 297 to Rs. 1213 in this group. The average current demand for off-the-shelf purcha se in print media for SRM is Rs. 426, within the range of Rs. 262 to Rs. 590 (95 percent confidence used for all estimations). [Ref. Table 2. 2. 2. 5] [T12] Table 2. 2. 2. 5 Intended Demand of Print SRM n=87 Â   |Average Demand (Rs. ) |Range (Rs. ) | | |First Year |Second Year |First Year |Second Year | | Print Overall |285 |1181 |200-370 |683-1680 | |Print Subscription |161 |755 |105-218 |297-1213 | |Print OTS |126 |426 |79-173 |262-590 | [SP2. . 2. 6] Estimation of intended demand for CD format The research shows that there is no intended demand for CD format SRMs among the MBA students in Pune. [SP2. 2. 2. 7] Estimation of sources of accessing SRM The data shows that out of 87 respondents who read SRM 67 both borrow and share SRM. Further, 9 respondents both purchase and borrow/share SRMs [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 2. 7] [F6] Figure 2. 2. 2. 7 Estimation of sources of accessing SRM n=87[pic] [SP2. 2. 2. 8] Estimation of reasons for borrowing/sharing SRM and not purchasing The inference derived is that out of 68 respondents who borrow/share and/or urchase SRM, 76% claim that cost effectiveness is the main reason for not purchasing. The next in order of importance are low frequency of reading and unavailability. One respondent may have recorded more than one reason. [Ref. Figure 2. 2. 2. 8] [F7] Figure 2. 2. 2. 8 Estimation of reasons for borrowing/sharing SRM and not purchasing n=68 [SP2. 2. 2. 9] Estimation of Areas of Interest There is no clear area of preference for readership of SRM though Marketing and Finance lead the choice of preference. Ref. Figure 2. 2. 2. 9] [F8] Figure 2. 2. 2. 9 Estimation of Areas of Interest n=87 [pic] Readers Non Readers PURCHASING BORROWING/SHARING PURCHASE BORROW/SHARE SRM Cost Effective Low Frequency of Reading Unavailability 3 3 3 1 0 9 12 12 5 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Pharmacology Technological Advancements Biotech Equipments Others Non-Readers Readers 35 8 7 8 3 6 1 Cost Effective Low Frequency of Reading Unavailability 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Marketing Finance HR Others First year Second year

Life Is Changing Essays - Climate Change, Global Warming

Life is Changing Global warming is the most urgent environmental problem the world is facing. Few, if any, trends are more important to our future than climate change caused by human activities. This change is not beneficial. This warming trend occurring because of the buildup of greenhouse gases primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide- which is a direct result of humans and the Industrial Revolution (EPA, 2000). These gasses are emitted profusely into the atmosphere by factories, cars, and many other devices. As the suns rays hit the Earths surface and bounce off, the gasses trap the heat. This creates the rise in temperature. These warming temperatures have many negative effects on Earth, which also affect us. I believe there are three main categories in which these raising temperatures have an effect: glacial melting and water levels, plant life, and human and animal health. As the temperatures are rising, glaciers are melting. One of its main consequences is the rise in sea level. As the sea level rises, a few things are happening and in the next twenty-five to fifty years, the sea level is expected to rise a full foot. For starters, the coastlines of countries all over the world are slowly being covered and eroded away (Newmann, 2000). Coastal cities are being flooded and people are being forced to move inland. When flooding occurs, there is the chance of fresh water contamination. Changes in the sea level also cause changes in the precipitation patterns. All of these changes have effects on many things humans need and use. Drinking water, navigation, and hydroelectric power are just a few (EPA, 2000). While is seems that flooding might be the only problem, these changes are also responsible for droughts. The explanation for these two tribulations is simple. Increased temperature means increased evaporation. Heavy evaporation takes the moisture out of the soil creating a drought. However, when the clouds cant hold anymore moisture and it finally all gets rained out, there is a strong chance of flooding. Changes in the water in our environment can also severely damage critical habitats. Wetlands could be flooded into lakes or completely dried up (Newmann, 2000). Our precious habitats could be destroyed. Obviously, this also is effecting the plant life in these areas. Plant life is also suffering from the increase in temperature. During drought periods, the plants arent getting enough water. During floods, they can be washed away. With the new and varying temperatures, some plant species will not survive. Forests, if they survive, are drastically changing. The warmer, drier climates can turn the forests into pastures and grasslands. If the weather becomes wetter, the types of trees and plants that currently grow in our forests will change. Some plant species will die out or move and some will flourish. Since the temperature changes alter the types of weather in different places, there is obviously a shift in the areas in which certain plants grow. Agriculturally, this is a problem as well. The production patterns are shifting northward. As the soil is drying up, more irrigation is needed to keep produce growing (Adams, 1999). Increasing irrigation leads to decreased water supply. This is a big problem even in Ohio. Agriculture is a 4.4 billion-dol lar industry and the temperature rise plus the decrease in water supply could decrease the crop yields by thirty-five percent (EPA, 2000). With plant species dying off, shifting environments, and changing, animals eating habits are broken. Their habitats are different. If they can even survive all of the changes, they are going to have to completely readjust to their new environments. Between dynamic water and plant cycles, animals and humans are also going to have troubles. Human health is also destined for trouble. Just from a mere three to four degree temperature rise during the already hot summer months, the summer death toll will nearly triple. The added heat is detrimental to people with heart problems as well as increasing the likeliness of heat exhaustion and respiratory problems (EPA, 2000). Also, the increase in humidity will be bothersome to people with respiratory allergies. People with asthma and other lung diseases will be affected because higher temperatures increase the amount of ozone at ground level. Another

Free Essays on Franz Kafka

In 1913 one of the most famous novelists and short story writers had his first official novel published. This may seem like a long time ago for many, but if you were to take a look at the history of literature you could come to the conclusion that this is very recent. This man based most all of his writings on personal experiences with a little bit of fantasy intervened with them. This man was Franz Kafka. Kafka was born on July 3, 1883, in Prague, Bohemia. His parents were Herman, who he worshipped, and Julie Kafka. Herman was a merchant and manufacturer and Julie was into education, she was very intelligent. Kafka was born into a rich Jewish-Czech family. Franz had two older brothers who both died in their child hood. He also had 3 younger sisters, being the oldest he was left with very much. His put a French girl in charge of raising and tutoring Franz. After finishing the Volksschule he went on to law school, even though he had already made his main focus on literature. While in law school Kafka entered a story into a contest. This was the start of his career. In 1906 Kafka took a side job for an Italian insurance company. After hours he study Czech language and attended Czech discussions. He began suffering from migraines and frayed nerves so he became a vegetarian. This led him to the Cabbala, also. He became very influenced by it and felt as if he had a mission in life. He became friends with many people and so forth. It wasn’t until 1912 that he came a full-time writer. His friend, Brod, convinced him to put a book together called Observations. Then came his book Metamorphosis. For five more years his writing was inspired by his love affair, Fraulein F. B. until she married someone else and had two children. After this Kafka became very sick. During the winter of 1916-17 he began working very heavily on his novel The Trial, inspired by his latest break up, and his health steadily decreased along the way. While moving back ... Free Essays on Franz Kafka Free Essays on Franz Kafka In 1913 one of the most famous novelists and short story writers had his first official novel published. This may seem like a long time ago for many, but if you were to take a look at the history of literature you could come to the conclusion that this is very recent. This man based most all of his writings on personal experiences with a little bit of fantasy intervened with them. This man was Franz Kafka. Kafka was born on July 3, 1883, in Prague, Bohemia. His parents were Herman, who he worshipped, and Julie Kafka. Herman was a merchant and manufacturer and Julie was into education, she was very intelligent. Kafka was born into a rich Jewish-Czech family. Franz had two older brothers who both died in their child hood. He also had 3 younger sisters, being the oldest he was left with very much. His put a French girl in charge of raising and tutoring Franz. After finishing the Volksschule he went on to law school, even though he had already made his main focus on literature. While in law school Kafka entered a story into a contest. This was the start of his career. In 1906 Kafka took a side job for an Italian insurance company. After hours he study Czech language and attended Czech discussions. He began suffering from migraines and frayed nerves so he became a vegetarian. This led him to the Cabbala, also. He became very influenced by it and felt as if he had a mission in life. He became friends with many people and so forth. It wasn’t until 1912 that he came a full-time writer. His friend, Brod, convinced him to put a book together called Observations. Then came his book Metamorphosis. For five more years his writing was inspired by his love affair, Fraulein F. B. until she married someone else and had two children. After this Kafka became very sick. During the winter of 1916-17 he began working very heavily on his novel The Trial, inspired by his latest break up, and his health steadily decreased along the way. While moving back ...

Islamophobia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Islamophobia - Essay Example This has made people be afraid and resent Islam even more. In the past one week, news has been abuzz with the killing of two Islamic gunmen. The two were shot on Sunday 3rd May 7, 2015 at a contest dubbed â€Å"Draw Muhammad†, which was taking place at Garland in Texas. The art exhibit and cartoon contest was being hosted by the American Freedom Defense Initiative, led by Pamela Geller, who is the founder of the group. Their main objective was to sensitize the public about Islam. People were asked to draw â€Å"Muhammad†, a common Muslim name, to depict a Muslim person in their lives. The incident led to the injury of a security guard manning the place. According to International Business Times, 2015, American Muslim activists have strongly come out saying that they are even more resolute on taking on anti-Islam prejudice after the incident. This is because, according to them, such incidences of violence only show how much there is a need for sensitization and creativity on ways to stop the growing Islamophobia in America. The y argue that the condemnation by the leaders in the community is not enough, and more is needed in order to stop the violence and killings of innocent people. The Texas cartoon contest was attended by at least two hundred people when men armed with guns started shooting. The ISIS claimed responsibility for the attacks. Reports indicate that it is still unclear how the gunmen are linked to the Islamic state. Activists insist that hate will not help stop hate and violence. They say that with the creation of more peaceful ways of countering the bigotry against Muslims, which have been increasing in the recent years, more will be achieved. It is now a reality that the Islamic state (ISIS) is everywhere, even in the United States. The thought that many citizens are aware of the past violent deeds and the terror attacks experienced all over the world by the infamous group has crippled many

Strategic Management of HMV Group Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Strategic Management of HMV Group - Assignment Example (Refer to appendix 1) Competitive advantage is the response of afirm to the pressing need to organize and perform discrete activities. While these needs may not be perpetually spelt out, it is the responsibility of the planners and executers of policies to foresee such situations when catering for growth and development of the firm n various levels. So this implies that the HMV Company needs to employ an individual perspective with an affiliation towards the basic industry type. There are various activities to take into consideration in the case of the HMV Company. The activities performed when competing in a particular industry can be grouped into categories, as these activities can be divided broadly into primary activities and support activities. It has been noted that primary activities are those involved in the ongoing production, marketing, delivery, and servicing of the product. Whereas support activities are those that provide purchased inputs, technology, human resources or the overall infrastructure functions supporting the other activities. Every activity employs purchased inputs, human resources, some combination of technologies, and draws on firm infrastructure such as general management and finance. Activities vary in their importance in regard of competitive advantages from industry to industry. ... While this is a good theory to reckon with, cynics are of the opinion that in today's world there are 'n' number of influences on a firm's activities and not just a set number of the same. In this regard, the HMV Company may make use of clusters which are groups of firms and other broad industries linked to each other on the basis of various skill and their subsets. These function in the sphere of providing the necessary technical and research based support for various customer services, by making use of various institutions and universities apart from interns and other individuals. In the context of the HMV Company, does Porter's theory ask the relevant questions What must the company do to ensure that the industry evolves in a way that is maximally advantageous for the organization in particular What skills and capabilities must the company begin building now if it is to occupy the industry high ground in the future How should the company organize for opportunities that may not fit neatly within the boundaries of current business units and divisions The answers are to be found in not in this theory but in the theories propounded by Gary Hamel, C.K. Prahalad titled Competing for the Future. The authors are of the firm belief that when armed with the information in their findings and subsequent theories, a company can create a pro-active agenda for organizational transformation and can control its own destiny by controlling the destiny of its own industry. Few companies that began the 1980s as industry leaders ended the decade with their leadership in tact and undiminished. Many household name companies saw their success eroded or destroyed by tides of technological, demographic and regulatory change and order-of-magnitude productivity gains made by nontraditional

The Advantages of Steel in Building Construction Assignment

The Advantages of Steel in Building Construction - Assignment Example Another aspect that can no longer be neglected is the environment, both inside as well as outside the building is to be considered and given the high level of consideration in design and construction of the building. Latest advances in technology and high appraisal in energy has influenced the mindset of the client to select and use energy efficient products and design, even if they cost a bit more in the start but they eventually pay back their expenses. It is no longer a choice but a compulsion for designers and constructors to save energy as well as environment and at the same time it’s the client’s and his real estates adviser’s social responsibility to dictate these terms in the facility’s construction and have knowledge as well as encourage these technologies as much as possible. There are mainly two types of spaces that are to be constructed as the part of the establishment. The first part is the 12 storey Headquarter block whose height would be around 40m, this would be just a typical office building and the spaces would be designed in a similar manner. The second requirement of the client in the facility is of a showroom/ retail facility which is going to be constructed just in front of the main office block, this separate facility would be used for the display of different products and so the space requirement of this would be entirely different from that of the office block. The basic requirements of this space are that it should be a single storey and 35 m wide span, these attributes make this part of establishment unique and this structure has to be designed accordingly. The third and the most governing requirement of the client in the construction is that the time for construction should be as short as possible and the facility should be brought into service in minimum time period and the last requirement which would dictate the construction and its techniques as a whole is that the facility should eco friendly at all its levels both during the construction phase and during the service life as well.  

Why Star Topology is Best

Why Star Topology is Best 1.0 SYNOPSIS This study focused on a star network topology. A star network is a local area network in which all devices are directly linked to a central point called a hub. Star topology looks like a star but not exactly a star. The findings from the study revealed that in star topology every computer is connected to a central node called a hub or a switch. A hub is a device where the entire linking standards come together. The data that is transmitted between the network nodes passes across the central hub. The project further goes on to explain the advantages, disadvantages and usage of star network topology. The centralized nature of a star network provides ease while also achieving isolation of each device in the network. However, the disadvantage of a star topology is that the network transmission is largely reliant on the central hub. If the central hub falls short then the whole network is out of action. Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies that are used in homes and offices. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder and this way if the computer fails you can still use your data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. It has come to realization that this type of network offers more privacy than any other network. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The main objective of this project is to discuss the advantages, disadvantages and usage of star network topology. A topology is a physical structure of a network. Star topology is a network structure comprising a central node to which all other devices attached directly and through which all other devices intercommunicate (http://www.yourdictionary.com/telecom/star-topology). The hub, leaf nodes and the transmission lines between them form a graph with the topology of a star. Star is one of the most and oldest common topology in the local area network. The design of star topology comes from telecommunication system. In telephone system all telephone calls are managed by the central switching station. Just like in star topology each workstation of the network is connected to a central node, which is known as a hub. Hub is a device where the whole linking mediums come together. It is responsible of running all activities of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. Generally when build a network using two or more computers, you need a hub. It is possible to connect two computers to each other directly without the need of a hub but when adding a third computer in the network, we need a hub to allow a proper data communication within the network. In a Star Network the whole network is reliant on the hub. (http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-6-2005-65413.asp) Devices such as file server, workstation and peripheral are all linked to a hub. All the data passes through the hub. When a packet comes to the hub it moves that packet to all the nodes linked through the hub but only one node at a time successfully transmits it. Data on a star network exceeds through the hub before continuing to its target. Different types of cables are used to link computers such as twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optics. The most common cable media in use for star topologies is unshielded or shielded twisted pair copper cabling. One end of the cable is plugged in local area network card while the other side is connected with the hub. Due to the centralization in star topology it is easy to monitor and handle the network making it more advantageous. Since the whole network is reliant on the hub, if the whole network is not working then there could be a problem with the hub. The hub makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection at the same time the reliance is also very high on that single point. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain. Star topology also has some draw backs. If the hub encounters a problem then the whole network falls short. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder and this way if the computer fails you can still use your data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. 3.0 BACKGROUND STUDY In this section the researcher has clarified and explained in details some of the advantages, disadvantages and usage of star topology. These three concepts are the main core of this project. 3.1 ADVANTAGES OF STAR NETWORK 3.1.1 Isolation of devices: each device is isolated by the link that connects it to the hub. By so doing it makes the isolation of the individual devices simple. This isolation nature also prevents any non centralized failure from affecting the network. In a star network, a cable failure will isolate the workstation that it links to the central computer, but only that workstation will be isolated. All the other workstations will continue to function normally, except that they will not be able to communicate with the isolated workstation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network) 3.1.2 Simplicity: The topology is easy to understand, establish, and navigate. The simple topology obviates the need for complex routing or message passing protocols. As noted earlier, the isolation and centralization simplifies fault detection, as each link or device can be probed individually .Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of operation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network) 3.1.3 If any cable is not working then the whole network will not be affected: in a star topology, each network device has a home run of cabling back to a network hub, giving each device a separate connection to the network. If there is a problem with a cable, it will generally not affect the rest of the network. The most common cable media in use for star topologies is unshielded twisted pair copper cabling. If small numbers of devices are utilized in this topology the data rate will be high. It is best for short distance ( http://fallsconnect.com/topology.htm#a) 3.1.4 You can easily add new computers or devices to the network without interrupting other nodes: The star network topology works well when computers are at scattered points. It is easy to add or remove computers. New devices or nodes can easily be added to the Star Network by just extending a cable from the hub. If the hub adds a device for example a printer or a fax machine, all the other computers on the network can access the new device by simply accessing the hub. The device need not be installed on all the computers in the network. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain. If the computers are reasonably close to the vertices of a convex polygon and the system requirements are modest. And also when one computer falls short then it wont affect the whole communication. (http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/dictionary/definition/what-is-star-network.html#) 3.1.5 Centralization: the star topologies ease the chance of a network failure by linking all of the computers to a central node. All computers may therefore communicate with all others by transmitting to and receiving from the central node only. Benefits from centralization: As the central hub is the bottleneck, increasing capacity of the central hub or adding additional devices to the star, can help scale the network very easily. The central nature also allows the check up of traffic through the network. This helps evaluate all the traffic in the network and establish apprehensive behavior (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-different-network-topologies.html). 3.1.6 Easy to troubleshoot: in a star network the whole network is reliant on the hub so if the entire network is not working then there could be a problem with the hub. This feature makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection ad at the same time the dependency is also very high on that single point 3.1.7 Better performance: star network prevents unnecessary passing of the data packet through nodes. At most 3 devices and 2 links are involved in any communication between any two devices which are part of this topology. This topology encourage a huge overhead on the central hub, however if the central hub has plenty of capacity, then very high network used by one device in the network does not affect the other devices in the network. Data Packets are sent quickly as they do not have to travel through any unnecessary. The big advantage of the star network is that it is fast. This is because each computer terminal is attached directly to the central computer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network). 3.1.8 EASY INSTALLATION: Installation is simple, inexpensive, and fast because of the flexible cable and the modular connector. 3.2 DISADVANTAGES OF STAR NETWORK 3.2.1 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled: The primary disadvantage of a star topology is the high dependence of the system on the functioning of the central hub. While the failure of an individual link only results in the isolation of a single node, the failure of the central hub renders the network inoperable, immediately isolating all nodes. (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-different-network-topologies.html ) 3.2.2 The performance and scalability of the network also depend on the capabilities of the hub. Network size is limited by the number of connections that can be made to the hub, and performance for the whole network is limited by its throughput. While in theory traffic between the hub and a node is isolated from other nodes on the network, other nodes may see a performance drop if traffic to another node occupies a significant portion of the central nodes processing capability or throughput (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network). Furthermore, wiring up of the system can be very complex. 3.2.3 The primary disadvantage of the star topology is the hub is a single point of failure: If the hub were to fall short the whole network would fail as a result of the hub being connected to every computer on the network. There will be communication break down between the computers when the hub fails. 3.2.4 Star topology requires more cable length: When the network is being extended then there will be the need of more cables and this result in intricate installation. 3.2.5 More Expensive than other topologies: it is expensive due to cost of the hub. Star topology uses a lot of cables thus making it the most costly network to set up as you also have to trunk to keep the cables out of harm way. Every computer requires a separate cable to form the network. . A common cable that is used in Star Network is the UTP or the unshielded twisted pair cable. Another common cable that is used in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables 3.3 USAGES OF STAR NETWORK Star topology is a networking setup used with 10BASE-T cabling (also called UTP or twisted-pair) and a hub. Each item on the network is connected to the hub like points of a star. The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or local-talk. Token Ring uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring (http://fallsconnect.com/topology.htm#a). Star Topology is the most common type of network topology that is used in homes and offices. In the Star Topology there is a central connection point called the hub which is a computer hub or sometimes just a switch. In a Star Network the best advantage is when there is a failure in cable then only one computer might get affected and not the entire network. Star topology is used to ease the probabilities of network failure by connecting all of the systems to a central node. This central hub rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Star network is used to transmit data across the central hub between the network nodes. When a packet comes to the hub it transfers that packet to all nodes connected through a hub but only one node at a time successfully transmits it. In local area networks where the star topology is used, each machine is connected to a central hub. In contrast to the bus topology, the star topology allows each machine on the network to have a point to point connection to the central hub and there is no single point of failure. All of the traffic which transverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal booster or repeater which in turn allows the signal to travel greater distances. When it is important that your network have increased stability and speed, the star topology should be considered. When you use a hub, you get centralized administration and security control, low configuration costs and easy troubleshooting. When one node or workstation goes down, the rest of your network will still be functional. 4.0 APPENDIX As the name suggests, this layout is similar to a star. The illustration shows a star network with five workstations or six, if the central computer acts as a workstation. Each workstation is shown as a sphere, the central computer is shown as a larger sphere and it is a hub, and connections are shown as a thin flexible cable. The connections can be wired or wireless links. The hub is a central to a star topology and the network cannot function without it. It connects to each separate node directly through a thin flexible cable (10BASE-T cable). One end of the cable is plugged into the connector on the network adapter card (either internal or external to the computer) and the other end connects directly to the hub. The number of nodes you can connect to a hub is determined by the hub. 5.0 CONCLUSION A star network is a local area network in which all computers are directly connected to a common central computer. Every workstation is indirectly connected to every other through the central computer. In some star networks, the central computer can also operate as a workstation A Star Network Topology is best suited for smaller networks and works efficiently when there is limited number of nodes. One has to ensure that the hub or the central node is always working and extra security features should be added to the hub because it s the heart of the network. To expand a star topology network, youll need to add another hub and go to a star of stars topology. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder and this way if the computer fails you can still use your data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. 6.0 REFERENCES Available on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network Available on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_small_aperture_terminal Available on http://fallsconnect.com/topology.htm#a Available on http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/dictionary/definition/what-is-star-network.html#(above) Available on http://www.answers.com/topic/star_network Available on http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-different-network-topologies.html Available on http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-6-2005-65413.asp Available on http://www.blurtit.com/q826101.html

Descartes’ Cogito Essay -- Philosophy small universal elements

Descartes’ Cogito It is the purpose of this essay to examine both Descartes’ Cogito argument and his skepticism towards small and universal elements, as well as the implications these arguments have on each other. First, I will summarize and explain the skepticism Descartes’ brings to bear on small and universal elements in his first meditation. Second, I will summarize and explain the Cogito argument, Descartes’ famous â€Å"I think, therefore I am† (it should be noted that this famous implication is not actually something ever said or written by Descartes, but instead, an implication taken from his argument for his own existence). Third, I will critique the line of reasoning underlying these arguments. Descartes attacks small and universal elements with the problem posed by the possibility of God being an omnipotent deceiver, but he seems to think his Cogito argument is immune from this type of criticism. Fourth, I will show how the Cogito is actually har der to establish than the existence of small and universal elements. And, fifth, I will establish small and universal elements as an Archimedean point (i.e. – a foundational claim). In Descartes’ first meditation, paragraphs 9-12, he arrives at the final and most devastating stage of questioning his beliefs. In his first two stages, he questions both small and distant objects and medium sized objects, and concludes that neither can be held as true with any certainty. He throws out the first because of the possibility that the small and distant object is a mirage, and throws out the second because of the possibility that we are actually dreaming while perceiving medium sized objects. In his third and final stage of doubt, Descartes’ examines sma... ...things. The lack of an omnipotent deceiver and the reality of the existence of small and universal elements lead to an even broader foundational claim; there is a world where the small and universal elements exist. Either it is the world around us at his very moment, or, if this is a dream, it is the world of the dreamer whose small and universal elements make up this dream world. In concluding, a few things must be noted. One, Descartes’ omnipotent deceiver does not and cannot exist in the manner Descartes relates. Two, even if the deceiver did exist, the Cogito would not be immune from the pall of doubt the deceiver’s existence would cause to fall on reality. Three, even without the deceiver, the Cogito is falsifiable because of the â€Å"Someone Else’s Dream† argument. Four, there is a world where small and universal elements we know of exist.

An Explanation of the Causes and Effects of the Enron Accounting Scandals

From the 1980s until now, there have been a lot of accounting scandals which were widely announced on by media. The result of this situation is many companies were bankruptcy protection requests, and closing. One of the most widely reported emulation of accounting scandals is Enron Company. Enron Corporation is one of the largest energy companies in the world. Enron was founded in Houston, Texas, America in July 1985 by the consolidation between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth of Omaha, Nebraska (â€Å"Enron and Enderson: The story†, n. d. ). According to Sridhanran, Dickes & Caines (2002, p. ), Enron’s rank number is the seventh in the United States by Fortune magazine in April 2002.Their businesses were sale of nature gas, electricity sector, water, metal, broadband and newsprint. Enron has been altered from the old economy company to the new economy company and focus on HFV (Hypothetical Future value). The profits were grown by buying electric at stable prices fro m the suppliers and sale the different prices for customers. When the falsehood of their profits was opened, the investors withdraw the capital. Enron start collapse (â€Å"Case study: The collapse†, n. . , pp. 1-2). Definitions Accounting scandals are political and business scandals using illegal accounting systems and fraud in the financial statements. According to Hanson (2002, p. 1), Enron accounting scandal is the most important common failure in the banks during the 1980s in the United States. This leads to changing in business and the law. When Enron was bankrupt, the economy of America was dropped, and many employees were lost their jobs. Outline and Limitations The assignment will explain two main reasons and two effects of Enron accounting scandal.The assignment will conclude with review the Enron accounting scandal and giving the lessons for another company. The Causes of Enron Accounting Scandal Business Fraud A business fraud is one of the most important reasons which made bankruptcy of Enron. Firstly, limited partnership companies were opened by CFO Andy Fastow. He used many partnership companies such as J. P. Mogan Chase and Merill Lynch to hide their enormous debts and losses from investors. They borrowed the great amounts of money from financial institutions to buy many assets; this led to wrong view about Enron condition.It helped the stock price increase (â€Å"Enron accounting scandal†, 2009). In addition, the financial strategy, the business consultants and the accounting techniques are wrong choice of Enron. They used established investment money to build securitization abilities. According to Buondonno, David, Pufky and Rollings (n. d. , pp. 11-12), Enron has distorted the financial statements using the complex methods. They used fake companies (SPEs) to move money between different banks and created false financial statements. This led to misunderstanding of shareholders about the real financial statements.Moreover, Enron predicted the future market of energy price. As a result, the sale prices of Enron known as mark-to-market, which control the energy trading business and the reports which they want to show. Furthermore, Enron used wrong accounting system. They used mark-to-marked trading which is greatly hard to change to another system. The reports were shown losses or gains on the stock and security price at the end of the year. Enron was able to use SPE (special purpose entities) to trade in legal time or illegal time so that income could change to correct with investor expectances.Lastly, Enron had a huge negative dollar cash flow from bank loans. They needed to pay around two million dollars per day by cash. A Corruption and a Lack of Accounting Techniques According to Buondonno, David, Pufky and Rollings (n. d. , pp. 18-20), Management level and accounting level were forgotten in Enron situation. Endrew Fastow, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Enron used his power to corrupt by using his knowledge into the agreements and making the bonuses from the agreements. Endrew and his wife got benefits from Enron to buy Chewco where his wife is owner.He controlled subsidiary companies to buy stock and hid debt for Enron. Enron did not follow the accounting rules. Every mistake in accounting needs to note and describes for shareholders know, and writes on the financial statements. In 2001, Accountants cannot combine Chewco into the Enron’s financial statement. This lead to misunderstanding report which show the financial statement of Enron such as a decrease Enron income and an increase Enron’s reported debt. In addition, Enron tried to make maximize profits by break the law.Therefore, dishonesty in the financial statement, corruption and a lack of knowledge and skills of accountants are the causes of the Enron’s bankruptcy. The Effects of Enron Accounting Scandal on Employees and shareholders When Enron was bankrupt, the most affected people are Enronâ₠¬â„¢s workers and shareholders. Many people lost their jobs, their whole pension and all of the shareholders lost their money (Dunder,n. d. ). According to Raver (2006, p4-5), Enron stocks prices were increased nearly double in one year by many ways such as legal and illegal way.The stock price was increasing so fast, many Enron employees bought Enron stock as saving money, and also their pension are in Enron’s stock too. When Enron was failing, Enron’s stock price was decreasing until no longer value, many Enron workers lost all their money, their jobs and also their pension lost too. For this reason, they almost have nothing; they only have social security funds. The suddenly decrease of the value in Enron stocks influenced the retreat savings of thousands Americans who are not Enron employees. Many Americans saved their money in the index funds.Enron’s stock was formed by the different sources of investment, such as the state pension plans, university and oth er non-profit foundations (Sridharan, Dickes & Caines, 2002, p. 4). Therefore, when Enron scandal was happened, this entailed many effects on workers, shareholders and Americans who are not Enron employees. They lost their money, their jobs and their future. The United States and the Stock Market Enron accounting scandal helped American improve their knowledge of business and accounting. This leads to changing in the U. S. aw to protect people from the business fraud (Raver, n. d. , p. 4). They fortified retirement security of American, and limited on selling stocks for employees (Sridharan, Dickes & Caines, 2002, p. 8). Moreover, the stock market was affects by the Enron accounting scandal, Enron’s stock was $80 per share. When the Enron accounting scandal was discovered, the price of Enron’s stock fell down less than $1 (â€Å"Enron stock prices†, n. d. ). Conclusion The Enron accounting scandal is one of the biggest problems of cheating in accounting in Ameri ca.It changed the most American life, and people behold themselves to know the answers of cupidity and break the law in business. The Enron accounting scandal has many reasons such as business cheating, the corrupt of the power person and inexperience of accountants. For this reasons, Enron bankruptcy had many effects on Americans social such as workers, shareholders, the American economy and the law. The lesson from Enron accounting scandal were found by many ways such as the conflict of interest between two roles played, employees’ protection, changing in business managements, and ethics in business, cautious investment.

How School Leaders Can Improve Teacher Quality

How School Leaders Can Improve Teacher Quality School leaders want all of their teachers to be great teachers. Great teachers make a school leader’s job easier. Realistically, not every teacher is a great teacher. Greatness takes time to develop. A major component of a school leader’s job is to improve teacher quality. An effective school leader  has the ability to help any teacher take it to the next level. A good school leader will help a bad teacher become effective, an effective teacher become good, and a good teacher become great. They understand that this is a process that takes time, patience, and a lot of work. By improving teacher quality, they will naturally improve student learning outcomes. Improved input equals improved output. This is an essential component of school success. Continuous growth and improvement are necessary. There are many ways that a school leader can improve teacher quality within their building. Here, we examine seven ways that a school leader can help individual teachers grow and improve. Conduct Meaningful Evaluations It takes a lot of time to conduct a thorough teacher evaluation. School leaders are oftentimes overwhelmed with all their duties and evaluations are commonly placed on the backburner. However, evaluations are the single most crucial aspect when improving teacher quality. A school leader should routinely observe and evaluate a teacher’s classroom to identify areas of need and weakness and to create an individual plan for that teacher to improve in those areas. An evaluation should be thorough, especially for those teachers who have been identified as needing significant improvement. They should be created after a substantial number of observations that allow a school leader to see the entire picture of what a teacher is doing in their classroom. These evaluations should drive a school leader’s plan of the resources, suggestions, and professional development that is required to improve individual teacher quality. Offer Constructive Feedback/Suggestions A school leader must offer a list that includes any weaknesses which they find during the evaluation. A school leader should also give detailed suggestions to guide teacher improvement. If the list is exceedingly comprehensive, then pick a few of the things that you believe is the most important. Once those have improved to an area deemed effective, then you can move on to something else. This can be done both formally and informally and is not limited to what is in the evaluation. A school leader may see something that could improve the teacher on a quick visit to the classroom. The school leader may offer constructive feedback intended to address this smaller issue. Provide Meaningful Professional Development Engaging in professional development can improve teacher quality. It is necessary to note that there are a lot of terrible professional development opportunities. A school leader needs to look thoroughly at the professional development they are scheduling and determine if it will produce the intended results. Engaging professional development can foster dynamic changes for a teacher. It can motivate, provide innovative ideas and gives a fresh perspective from an outside source. There are professional development opportunities that cover just about any weakness a teacher has. Continuous growth and improvement is essential for all teachers and even more valuable for those who have gaps that need to be closed. Provide Adequate Resources All teachers need the appropriate tools to do their job effectively. School leaders must be able to give their teachers the resources they need. This can be challenging as we currently live in an era where educational funding is a significant issue. However, in the age of the Internet, there are more tools available to teachers than ever before. Teachers must be taught to use the Internet and other technologies as an educational resource in their classroom. Great teachers will find a way to cope without having all the resources they would like to have. However, school leaders should do everything they can to provide their teachers with the best resources or provide professional development to use the resources they do have effectively. Provide a Mentor Great veteran teachers can provide tremendous insight and encouragement to an inexperienced or struggling teacher. A school leader must develop veteran teachers who want to share best practices with other teachers. They must also build a trusting, encouraging atmosphere in which their entire faculty communicates, collaborates, and shares with each other. School leaders must make mentor connections in which both sides have similar personalities, or the connection may be counterproductive. A solid mentor connection can be a positive, learning venture for both the mentor and the mentee. These interactions are most effective when they are daily and ongoing. Establish Ongoing, Open Communication All school leaders should have an open door policy. They should encourage their teachers to discuss concerns or to seek advice at any time. They should engage their teachers in ongoing, dynamic dialogue. This dialogue should be continuous especially for those teachers who need improvement. School leaders should want to build engaging, trusting relationships with their teachers. This is essential for improving teacher quality. School leaders who do not have this sort of relationship with their teachers will not see improvement and growth. School leaders must be active listeners who offer encouragement, constructive criticism, and suggestions when appropriate. Encourage Journaling and Reflecting School leaders should encourage inexperienced or struggling teachers to journal. Journaling can be a powerful tool. It can help a teacher grow and improve through reflection. It can help them better recognize their individual strengths and weaknesses. It is also valuable as a reminder of things that worked and things that did not work so well in their classroom. Journaling can spark insight and understanding. It can be a dynamic game-changer for teachers who genuinely want to improve.